La relación que Ricoeur establece entre lo bueno, lo justo y la convicción permite postular un círculo hermenéutico —semejante al que Heidegger propone en su ontología fundamental, y que Gadamer complementa en Verdad y método— en la filosofía práctica, conformado por tres momentos: lo bueno, lo justo y su aplicación al contexto que lo demanda. Con su “pequeña ética”, mediada por esta reformulación, Ricoeur pretende terciar en la discusión entre la ética de la argumentación de Habermas y el comunitarismo e (...) historicismo de C. Taylor, A. MacIntyre y H.-G. Gadamer. (shrink)

Resumen En este artículo desarrollo la idea de Gadamer de que el gusto tiene una dimensión más moral que estética. A partir de esta tesis, apoyado en Aristóteles y Paul Ricoeur, trataré de mostrar que, efectivamente, en la experiencia que es el fenómeno del gusto discernimos unas cosas respecto de otras, hacemos distinciones que rebasan con mucho la mera dimensión estética, y nos instalamos en las dimensiones ética y política de la vida humana.In this article I develop Gadamer’s idea on (...) taste having a greater moral dimension than an aesthetic one. From this thesis, and relying on Aristotle and Paul Ricoeur, I aim to demonstrate that it is, in effect, in the experience of the phenomenon of taste where we are able to discern certain things from other; where we make distinctions which go way beyond the mere aesthetic dimension, and place ourselves in the ethical and political dimensions of human life. (shrink)

Shahid Rahman, Tony Street, Hassan Tahiri : The Unity of Science in the Arabic Tradition, Dordrecht: Springer 2008, 390 pp.

Filósofos como Marcuse han subrayado las propiedades liberadoras del quehacer artístico. Pero si hemos de pensar el arte como el Gran Rechazo, es necesario mostrar qué rechaza el arte y con qué busca sustituirlo. Respecto a estas preguntas, existen dos respuestas antagónicas. Mientras una busca en la experiencia artística rechazar lo dado en nombre de una verdad intemporal, la otra también reniega de lo dado, pero admite el carácter provisorio de toda verdad. Aunque en apariencia sutil, esta distinción es sustancial. (...) A partir de una lectura de Platón, muestro por qué en la primera posición no hay cabida para lo humano, y por qué de ella se desprenden implicaciones totalitarias. Para caracterizar a la segunda posición, me sirvo de la concepción estética de Octavio Paz y de la propuesta escultórica de Alexander Calder. Ambas propuestas permiten conciliar la insatisfacción que palpita en el arte con la alteridad que caracteriza a lo humano. (shrink)

Bajo la hipótesis de que la realidad humana y la realidad divina conforman una estructura circular, este estudio recorre algunos de los hitos de la filosofía primera de Xavier Zubiri para mostrar que, efectivamente, el hombre en tanto realidad humana, constitutivamente religada al poder de lo real como su fundamento último y posibilitante, tiene una dimensión teologal, no teológica, en la que se ofrece con claridad y evidencia que Dios es un problema para el hombre, es decir, que este está (...) lanzado inexorablemente, en su propia vida, hacia ese problema y que el decurso de esa vida es, en realidad, la resolución de ese problema. (shrink)

En los primeros años del siglo XIV se planteó la polémica entre los franciscanos “espirituales” y el papa Juan XXII. El emperador alemán Luis de Baviera intervino en la confrontación a favor de los franciscanos y en contra del Papa. En la novela El nombre de la Rosa de Umberto Eco, se escenifica el conflicto entre el Franciscano Guillermo, que representa a Guillermo de Ockham y el inquisidor dominico Bernardo de Guí. En sus páginas se cita la filosofía de Aristóteles, (...) Tomás de Aquino Buenaventura de Bagnoregio, Marsilio de Padua y el propio Guillermo de Ockham. La filosofía política y el conocimiento científico de la época: Alberto Magno y Roger Bacon entre otros completan el panorama del citado siglo XIV. Todo ello demuestra una labor educativa incuestionable del libro de Umberto Eco. (shrink)

Resumen Este artículo analiza si en la teoría de los cuatro ethe de la modernidad capitalista, desarrollada por Bolívar Echeverría, no está contenida una debilidad de principio. Se trata de saber si para arribar a sus más altas aportaciones, esta teoría no termina pagando un precio que debiera dar que pensar. ¿Acaso renuncia a la crítica de la ideología, por lo menos en la radicalidad realizada por los autores de la Teoría crítica, inspirados en este punto originalmente por Georg Lukács?This (...) article is analyzing if in the theory of the four ethe of capitalist modernity, developed by Bolívar Echeverría, isn’t included a basic weakness. It is about understanding if for to arrive to its highest contributions, this theory is not paying a too high prize. Does it possibly renounce to the critique of ideology, at least in the radicality fulfilled by the authors of Critical theory, inspired in this point originally by Georg Lukács? (shrink)

In a recent paper, Berger and Nanay consider, and reject, three ways of addressing the phenomenon of unconscious perception within a naïve realist framework. Since these three approaches seem to exhaust the options open to naïve realists, and since there is said to be excellent evidence that perception of the same fundamental kind can occur, both consciously and unconsciously, this is seen to present a problem for the view. We take this opportunity to show that all three approaches considered remain (...) perfectly plausible ways of addressing unconscious perception within a naïve realist framework. So far from undermining the credibility of naïve realism, Berger and Nanay simply draw our attention to an important question to be considered by naïve realists in future work. Namely, which of the approaches considered is most likely to provide an accurate account of unconscious perception in each of its purported incarnations? (shrink)

It has been claimed that naïve realism predicts phenomenological similarities where there are none and, thereby, mischaracterises the phenomenal character of perceptual experience. If true, this undercuts a key motivation for the view. Here, we defend naïve realism against this charge, proposing that such arguments fail (three times over). In so doing, we highlight a more general problem with critiques of naïve realism that target the purported phenomenological predictions of the view. The problem is: naïve realism, broadly construed, doesn’t make (...) phenomenological predictions of the required sort. So, as a result, opponents must resign themselves to attacking specific incarnations of naïve realism, or approach matters quite differently. (shrink)

This paper articulates and argues for the plausibility of the Presentation View of Perceptual Knowledge, an under-discussed epistemology of perception. On this view, a central epistemological role of perception is that of making subjects aware of their surroundings. By doing so, perception affords subjects with reasons for world-directed judgments. Moreover, the very perceived concrete entities are identified as those reasons. The former claim means that the position is a reasons-based epistemology; the latter means that it endorses a radically anti-psychologist conception (...) of reasons. First, I articulate and motivate the Presentation View. Then, I defend the view from three incarnations of a major objection levelled within the ranks of reasons-based epistemologies: McDowell’s version of the accusation that a view like this falls prey to the Myth of the Given. I argue that all three incarnations fail to show the Presentation View to be inadequate. The first version holds that a general characterization of the Myth clearly shows that it is an incoherent idea. The second version holds that endorsing the Myth makes it impossible to construe non-conceptual items as items that can stand in rational relations to judgements and beliefs. The third version holds that endorsing the Myth leads to a conception where perceptual experiences merely cause, but do not warrant, our perceptual beliefs and judgements. I explain in detail how the Presentation View has the elements to respond to each of these objections. (shrink)

It is widely accepted that knowledge is incompatible with the presence of non-neutralized defeaters. A common way of addressing this issue is to introduce a condition to the effect that there are no non-neutralized defeaters for the belief that _p_ (i.e. a “no-defeaters condition”). I argue that meeting this condition leaves open a possibility for defeaters to squander our knowledge. The no-defeaters condition can be fortuitously met, and as a result it can be met luckily. I shall argue that this (...) kind of luck is inconsistent with knowledge. In order to prevent this pernicious form of luck I introduce a “defeaters-responsiveness” condition, according to which subjects ought to be disposed to adequately address defeaters if they were to arise (even if they in fact do not arise). (shrink)

Audiovisual communication is greatly contributing to the emerging research field of affective computing. The use of audiovisual stimuli within immersive virtual reality environments is providing very intense emotional reactions, which provoke spontaneous physical and physiological changes that can be assimilated into real responses. In order to ensure high-quality recognition, the artificial intelligence system must be trained with adequate data sets, including not only those gathered by smart sensors but also the tags related to the elicited emotion. Currently, there are very (...) few techniques available for the labeling of emotions. Among them, the Self-Assessment Manikin devised by Lang is one of the most popular. This study shows experimentally that the graphic proposal for the original SAM labelling system, as devised by Lang, is not neutral to gender and contains gender biases in its design and representation. Therefore, a new graphic design has been proposed and tested according to the guidelines of expert judges. The results of the experiment show an overall improvement in the labeling of emotions in the pleasure–arousal–dominance affective space, particularly, for women. This research proves the relevance of applying the gender perspective in the validation of tools used throughout the years. (shrink)

There is a recent surge in interest in agential accounts of perception, i.e. accounts where activity plays a central role in accounting for the nature of perceptions. Within this camp, Lisa Miracch...

There is a recent surge in interest in agential accounts of perception, i.e. accounts where activity plays a central role in accounting for the nature of perceptions. Within this camp, Lisa Miracch...

Double‐checking one's reasoning is a perfectly normal way of responding to a disagreement between peers. I argue that conciliationist approaches lack the resources to accommodate this phenomenon adequately. On the one hand, conciliationists cannot claim that double‐checking is a rationally impermissible response to disagreement because a compelling case for its permissibility appeals to arguments analogous to those often used by conciliationist in favour of their own view. On the other, they lack the resources to accommodate double‐checking as a rationally permissible (...) response to disagreement. To show this, I draw a distinction between strong and moderate versions of conciliationism. The strong version accepts, whereas the moderate version rejects, that the conciliatory obligation exhausts the rational requirements engendered by disagreements. Strong conciliationists cannot explain the motivation for someone to double‐check if they have followed the conciliationists advice. Moderate conciliationists who try to make space for double‐checking are forced to concede that disputants can respond rationally to disagreement without lowering their confidence in the disputed belief. (shrink)

This paper calls into question one fundamental claim at the basis of an alleged puzzle for veritistic accounts of the value of idealized models: the claim that idealized models cannot be veridical representations of the world. Catherine Elgin has argued that the value of idealized models can only be explained if we construe them as exemplars, which do not represent the world. I argue that Elgin’s proposal is problematic and cannot accommodate central cases of idealization. Nevertheless, there is value in (...) Elgin’s proposal. I rescue her notion of selectiveness in exemplification and incorporate it within a revised account of representation. I provide independent motivation in favour of a form of veritism, which motivates a revision of Elgin’s case against it. I argue that an account based on selective representation has the resources to rescue veritism from the problems raised by Elgin. In the proposal I advance, idealized models are literally veridical representations of the world. (shrink)

There currently is sufficient scientific evidence directly linking acquisition, exposure and prevalence of the human papillomavirus to cervical cancer. The article addresses HPV in women by taking NaProTechnology into account, which makes it posible to combine scientific evidence with ethical approaches. It looks at both the biological aspect of sexuality and the ability to become a person within one’s sexual nucleus. There is an analysis of sex education programs based on preventive health and on the anthropology of sexuality, and supported (...) by family institutions, that have demonstrated better acceptance in dealing with the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including HPV infection. (shrink)

Aflicción no es un término que mencione Nietzsche a propósito del hombre moderno, sin embargo, y ésta es la tesis que se intenta demostrar, esta palabra responde a la manera en la que actúa el moderno en relación a su «voluntad de poder», es decir, ante el carácter propenso a dominar que para Nietzsche se manifiesta en todas las funciones básicas de lo vivo. Es el modo o los caminos por los que el moderno ha buscado dominar, lo que da (...) muestra de su congoja ante su «voluntad de poder».Nietzsche plantea que la única realidad a la que tenemos acceso es a la de nuestra vida instintiva. Es decir, que la única expresión de la vida de la que nosotros tenemos cierto tipo de experiencia «directa»1 es la de nuestro mundo de apetitos y pasiones. Ahora bien, ¿cómo explicar nuestra vida instintiva? Pues mediante una tesis que la designe y defina desde su carácter inteligible, a saber, la «voluntad de poder». Por lo tanto, la «voluntad de poder» no define a la vida entendida como otra realidad externa a nosotros, sino que designa el carácter de la única expresión de la vida a la que tenemos acceso directo, esto es, de nuestro mundo de apetitos y pasiones. En este sentido el hombre es un conglomerado de voluntades de poder y el cuerpo es un conjunto de centros vitales que luchan entre sí. (shrink)

las severas criticas a la iglesia expresadas en el Speculum uite humane por Rodrigo Sanchez de arevalo, encaminadas quizas a una reforma interna de la institucion, fueron interpretadas, sin duda contra la voluntad del autor, como precedentes del luteranismo en Europa.

Studies investigating the COVID-19 pandemic from a psychological point of view have mostly focused on psychological distress. This study adopts the framework of existential positive psychology, a second wave of positive psychology that emphasizes the importance of effective coping with the negative aspects of living in order to achieve greater wellbeing. Trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) can be crucial in this context as it refers to emotion-related personality dispositions concerning the understanding and regulation of one’s emotions and those of others. (...) The present study investigated the relationship between trait EI and both wellbeing and psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress), while exploring the mediating role of meaning-centered coping (proactive transformative strategies based on meaning in life) and maladaptive coping (i.e., behavioral disengagement and self-blame) during the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 326 Lebanese adults completed measures of trait EI, wellbeing, psychological distress, coping, and meaning-centered coping. Results showed a strong positive correlation between trait EI and meaning-centered coping. Trait EI also correlated positively with wellbeing and negatively with psychological distress. Structural equation modeling showed that meaning-centered coping partially mediated the relationship between trait EI and wellbeing. Maladaptive coping fully mediated the relationship between trait EI and psychological distress. Findings indicate that trait EI is positively related to dealing with a stressful situation such as the pandemic in positive ways at both the cognitive level, by reformulating the situation to see something valuable in it, and behavioral level, by being proactive about it. Trait EI was positively linked to seeing the situation as an opportunity for personal growth, finding personal meaning in this situation, maintaining an attitude of hope and courage, and acting more responsibly with one’s self and others during the current crisis. In turn, this coping formula was related to lower psychological distress and improved mental health. These results are consistent with the existential positive psychology framework and can inform implementation programs and policies aiming at raising awareness and promoting healthy and successful coping during the pandemic. (shrink)

Manifiesto del águila y la serpiente.--Dialéctica mundial.--Ser y significado de la filosofía.

A partir de la constatación de la baja representación femenina en órganos políticos como parlamentos y gobiernos en distintos países y de su escasa presencia en puestos de representación social, todo ello con especial referencia a España, el artículo discute los principales problemas ético-políticos que presenta la propuesta de las cuotas electorales en tres apartados. En el primero considera las principales objeciones en torno a los derechos asociados a la libertad electoral, defendiendo que la mayoría de las limitaciones que las (...) cuotas imponen a esos derechos pueden estimarse como un sacrificio justificado temporalmente para alcanzar el objetivo de una sociedad más igualitaria. El segundo apartado trata las objeciones que el sistema de cuotas se presentan en nombre del carácter individual y, a la vez, no vinculado de la representación, pretendiendo mostrar que las formas de representación por grupos y de intereses parciales no sólo son tradicionales y muy comunes en los sistemas democráticos realmente existentes, sino que pueden ser un precio necesario, de nuevo temporal, para ir acercándose al ideal de una representación de individuos diferentes pero iguales y al fin más desvinculada de intereses parciales. En el tercer apartado se analizan las objeciones contra las cuotas electorales en nombre de la idea de igualdad para poner de manifiesto que, en general, se trata de objeciones que proceden de un malentendido a propósito del significado ético y políticamente defendible de la idea de igualdad. Afrontadas las anteriores objeciones de alcance ético-político, el artículo concluye remitiendo la discusión al ámbito de la política práctica. (shrink)

Las relaciones que pueden establecerse entre azar, igualdad y biotecnología suscitan un debatebien prolijo en el campo de la filosofía moral, generando dudas y numerosas discusiones. La reflexión sobre el alcance moral de ciertas hipotéticas posibilidades que podría brindar la biotecnología, permite iluminar el debate sobre la suerte bruta en materia de justicia distributiva.

In this work, the evolution of demographic and health patterns in a Basque rural population from Spain is analysed, as they relate to progress in demographic and epidemiological transition. For this purpose, parochial record data on 13,298 births and 9215 deaths, registered during the 19th and 20th centuries (180090) resulting from cardiovascular diseases and malignant neoplasms (post-transition causes). This last point is in contrast with observations from the first four decades of the 20th century, when infectious diseases and respiratory ailments (...) were determining factors in mortality among this population. The data provided by the study of the variation over time in demographic and health patterns indicate that reducing the risk of mortality is one of the most important preconditions for fertility decline. (shrink)

La crítica señala a Pierre Nicole como el pensador que hizo la transición entre aquellos primeros moralistas de mediados del siglo XVII que condenaban el mundo terrenal y adoptaban una actitud negativa del ser humano, y los moralistas de la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, cuya visión moderna y mundana concebía al hombre bajo una perspectiva positiva. Este estudio pretende ubicar a Nicolas Malebranche como el otro pensador, quizá más en la sombra, quizá con un modo no tan explícito, que (...) protagoniza dicha transición. Bajo el reinado de Luis XIV, el filósofo parisino, influenciado notablemente por San Agustín y Descartes, establece una psicología dinámica que le aleja del estático epicureísmo clásico y trasciende metafísicamente la moral cartesiana, dotándola de un sistema acabado en el que la figura de Dios ilumina el conocimiento y establece una moral bien definida. Su teoría del orden supone una puesta en valor del placer mundano, así como una congénita sociabilidad cristiana. Los acercamientos y alejamientos con Descartes y la escolástica, así como sus interpretaciones de San Agustín, elucidarán en este estudio un prisma mundano de conceptos hasta la fecha de barniz cristiano. Toda moral y teoría del conocimiento parte en él de su metafísica cristiana. (shrink)

How can dispute records shed light on the study of dispute settlement processes and their social and political underpinnings? This volume addresses this question by investigating the interplay between record-making, disputing process, and the social and political contexts of conflicts. The authors make use of exceptionally rich charter materials from the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, and Scandinavia, including different types of texts directly and indirectly related to conflicts, in order to contribute to a comparative survey of early medieval dispute records and (...) to a better understanding of the interplay between judicial and other less formal modes of conflict resolution. Contributors are Isabel Alfonso, José M. Andrade, François Bougard, Warren C. Brown, Wendy Davies, Julio Escalona, Kim Esmark, Adam J. Kosto, Juan José Larrea, André Evangelista Marques, Josep M. Salrach, Igor Santos Salazar, and Francesca Tinti. (shrink)

The focus of this work is the analysis of changes in completed family size and possible determinants of that size over time, in an attempt to characterize the evolution of reproductive patterns during the demographic transition. With this purpose in mind, time trends are studied in relation to the mean number of live births per family (as an indirect measure of fertility), using family reconstitution techniques to trace the reproductive history of each married woman. The population surveyed is a Spanish (...) rural community called Lanciego, located at the southern end of the province of Alava (Basque Country). A total of 24,510 parish records of baptisms, marriages and burials made between 1800 and 1969 were examined to obtain the demographic data set. For each reconstituted family, the variables included in the study were the number of live births per family or family size (FAMS), year of marriage (YEAR), age at marriage of both partners (AMAN, AWOM), wife’s age at the end of marriage (WEND), duration of marriage (MARD), age at first maternity (A1CH), length of reproductive span (REPS) and number of children dying before their first anniversary (MINF). Through a principal component analysis, three factors were found that explained more than 75% of the total variance. Association of variables in factors I and III was particularly useful in characterizing the variability of mean family size in pre-transitional, transitional and post-transitional cohorts. During demographic transition, a decreasing trend is observed in the variables FAMS, REPS and MINF, while variables AWOM, AMAN, WEND and A1CH show a tendency to increase over the 20th century. Results obtained by multiple regression analysis confirm that the best predictors of family size (dependent variable) were REPS and MINF, which between them explained over 85% of the total variation in FAMS (R2=0·853). In Lanciego, birth control seems to be present on the evidence of an increase in age at first maternity and a decrease in age at last parturition, indicating that the beginning of the reproductive span is delayed and its end is brought forward. Interaction between family size and infant mortality is discussed in the light of various hypotheses, including replacement of descendants, the so-called biological effect and the theory of r and k selection. (shrink)